UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) is a 128-bit identifier standardized by the Open Software Foundation (OSF), defined in RFC 4122. Its purpose is to allow distributed systems to uniquely identify information without a central authority for ID assignment.
A standard UUID looks like `550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000`, composed of 32 hexadecimal digits split into 5 groups (8-4-4-4-12) by hyphens. Theoretically, the collision probability of UUID v4 is about 1/10^36—if you generated 1 billion UUIDs per second for about 800 years, the probability of a single collision would be approximately 50%, which is negligible in practice.
UUIDs are widely used for database primary keys, distributed trace IDs, request IDs, log trace IDs, unique file naming, test data IDs, and session identifiers. Nearly all mainstream programming languages include built-in UUID generation libraries.